This paper is aimed to explain the moral behavior toward the problem of suffering. The main question is what the morally correct behavior is as to the problem of suffering and what its essential concomitants are? Philosophers and theologians have endeavored to justify the existence of suffering in the world sometimes relying on purely intellectual efforts and sometimes by paying attention to propositions and reports of the scriptures and combining reason and narration. In this regard, they established theodicies and defenses that are meant for suffering. From this paper’, s point of view, we must distinguish between two subjects: (i) the suffering,and (ii) the suffering person,and the concept of morally correct behavior on suffering is formed in line with this distinction. Do intellectual preoccupations, such as theodicy and defense, have something to do with the morally correct behavior toward suffering? Based on general two titles the answer is presented: theoretical foundations and management of the suffering situation, which respectively include the analysis and definition of concepts such as suffering, theodicy and defense, epistemological perspectives, and the like,and the essence of morally correct behavior on the problem of suffering. Indeed, subjects that will be discussed in the section on theoretical foundations will clarify the role of ethics in the problem of suffering in an analytical way and, leads us to the conclusion that theodicy, by its very nature, has nothing to do with morally correct behavior towards the problem of suffering and doesn’, t care about it.

Objectives: The purpose of the present study is to explain the eclectic theory based on the revelation teachings and to study its role and effects in Islamic life style as a fundamental strategy in the way of man's correct behavior development. Method: The present study enjoys a descriptive-analytic research design which draws on library sources on the Quranic and theological definitions of eclectic and selection. Results: The findings of the study show that the eclectic man as a selector is able to develop and strengthen his life style factors such as hope in life, exploring new horizons, social popularity, welfare, Divine compassion and dignity. Conclusion: The authors of the article conclude that the holly Quran by emphasizing on the usage of the word" best" intends to plan a new life style for human being and finding a way out of crisis and complexities of life.

Background: This paper scrutinizes the association between maternal practices to correct child behavior and the mothers’ exposure to and attitudes towards intimate partner violence (IPV).Methods: Nationally representative data comprising 14 016 married women were retrieved from the Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey, 2005. Data on practices used to correct child behavior, exposure to IPV, attitudes towards IPV were our primary interest. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and logistic regression.Results: The majority of the mothers reported use of violent methods, like shouting (90.6%), striking (69.1%) and slapping (39.3%) to correct child behavior. Seven percent of the mothers used only the explanation option. Exposure to physical IPV and tolerant attitudes towards IPV were associated with an augmented risk of using violent methods (shouting, striking or slapping) to correct child behavior. On the other hand non-tolerant attitudes towards IPV were associated with increased likelihood of sole use of the explanation method.Conclusions: We thus recommend the implementation of local parental education programs focusing on communicative skills to reduce IPV and related child abuse.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Environment and its conservation is one of the present issues in risky modern life. Although, the present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of the significant environmental issues in society of Iran. The Purpose of the present study is investigation of the reasons of littering formation by the approach of Causal Layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. The present study analyzed the layers forming the present social issue and searched the origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. Then, after exploiting the contents and content analysis of interviews, their opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying the present discourses, the gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of the society.

Background: The prevalence of unwanted pregnancies in Iran is estimated to be about 40% which is related to incorrect usage of contraceptives or nonusers of them despite unwillingness to fertility. Objective: To investigate the effective factors on correct usage of contraceptives. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 1996 on 4177 women who referred to one of the 12 training hospitals in Tehran. Data was analysed by Logistic Regression Model Findings: 31.1% of subjects had unwanted pregnancies. Among the subjects who had unwanted pregnancies, 79.9% had used contraceptives. 59.5% of contraceptive users used traditional methods and 40.5% used modem methods. Generally, 69% of the cases in contrast to 31% used their method correctly. Conclusion: Health policy-makers should strive more to improve family-planning programs specially through cooperation of husbands.